Pan American 201 - The East Coast Flyer

The sheer size of the US prevents any kind of all-encompassing statement about the typical American experience. From the state-of-the-art skyscrapers of New York City to the scenic country lanes of New England, the United States of America is a place of astonishing beauty and extraordinary diversity. Nothing can remotely prepare you for your first glimpse of the glorious Golden Gate Bridge, the glistening Empire State building, the neon lights of Las Vegas, or the iconic Statue of Liberty. Not to mention the natural treasures on offer - the country’s beautiful national parks are home to some of the world’s most treasured wildlife and landscapes; the west and east coasts are strewn with spectacular beaches, and the Rockies provide endless opportunities for outdoor adventures. In fact, it is a country of such epic proportions that you could easily spend a lifetime in the US and still feel like you have barely scratched the surface.

Currency 

Local currency: United States Dollar 
Symbol: $ 
ISO code: USD 
Subunit: Cent 
Banknotes: $1, $5, $10, $20, $50, $100 
Coins: 1¢, 5¢, 10¢, 25¢ 

Banking 

Card Transactions: Yes 
ATMs: Yes 
Mastercard: Yes 
Visa: Yes 
American Express: Yes 
Diner’s club: Yes 

Banking Hours: 
Weekdays: 9:00 AM - 5:00 PM 
Weekends: Varies by bank 
Public Holidays: Yes, varies by bank 
Foreign exchange services: Yes

Air: 

Main airlines: American Airlines, Delta Air Lines, United Airlines 
International Airports: John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK), Los Angeles International Airport (LAX), O'Hare International Airport (ORD) 
Domestic Airports: Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport (ATL), Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport (DFW), Denver International Airport (DEN) 

Road: 

Driving on the: Right 
Tar roads: Yes 
Gravel roads: Yes, in rural areas 
Valid International Driver's License needed: No 
Car hire available: Yes 
Taxis: Yes 
E-hailing services: Yes 

Bus: 

Inter-city bus services: Yes 
Local city bus networks: Yes 

Rail: 

Railway system: Yes 
Subway System: Yes 

Water: 

Ferries: Yes 
Water taxis: Yes 
Leisure cruises: Yes 

Food and water safety: 

Can you drink the tap water: Yes 
Fresh fruit and veg: Yes 
Ice: Yes 
Meat: Yes 
Street food: Yes 

Local cuisine: 

North American cuisine varies widely, with influences from Native American, European, Asian, and African cultures. Common dishes include hamburgers, hot dogs, pizza, barbecue, seafood, and various regional specialties such as Tex-Mex and New England clam chowder. Notable local drinks include cola, craft beer, bourbon, and wine. 

Tipping: 15-20% 

Annual Rainfall:

• Varies by region:
• Pacific Northwest (Seattle, WA): ~1,500 mm (60 inches)
• Southwest (Phoenix, AZ): ~200 mm (8 inches)
• Southeast (Miami, FL): ~1,400 mm (55 inches)
• Northeast (New York, NY): ~1,200 mm (47 inches)

Average Temperature:

• Varies by region:
• Pacific Northwest (Seattle, WA): 11°C (52°F)
• Southwest (Phoenix, AZ): 24°C (75°F)
• Southeast (Miami, FL): 24°C (75°F)
• Northeast (New York, NY): 12°C (54°F)

Summer:

• Average highs: 20-40°C (68-104°F)
• Average lows: 10-28°C (50-82°F)

Winter:

• Average highs: -1 to 25°C (30-77°F)
• Average lows: -5 to 15°C (23-59°F)

Best time to visit: The ideal time to visit North America depends on your plans. Summer is perfect for outdoor activities and warm weather, while winter is best for skiing and snow sports. Fall features stunning foliage, and spring offers pleasant weather and blooming flowers. Timing depends on the experiences you're after.

Spring and Summer 

Cool, light, breathable and comfortable: Yes 
Lightweight warm clothes: Yes 

Winter and Autumn 

Jerseys, cardigans, sweaters, jackets: Recommended 
Heavyweight clothing and boots: Yes 

General 

Umbrella and raincoat: Yes 
Warm gloves, hat and scarf: Yes 
Swimming costume (bathing suit): Yes 
Hat, sunglasses and sunblock: Yes 
Walking shoes: Yes 
Casual: Yes 
Smart-casual attire: Yes 

Plug Type: Type A, Type B 
Voltage (V): 120V 
Frequency Hertz (Hz): 60Hz 

*A Travel plug adapter and voltage converter might be necessary depending on your appliances. 

Cuba’s turbulent past and defiant political stance have imbued it with an undeniable mystique - but beyond its historical intrigue, there’s plenty more to discover and enjoy about this unique travel destination. The island is like one of its ubiquitous vintage cars - shabby but chic, erratic and unpredictable, and ultimately loveable. Fine cigars, salsa dancing, Afro-Latin beats - all these things and many more contribute to Cuba’s one-of-a-kind flavour. Highlights include the glittering capital city, Havana, where you can dance the night away in salsa clubs, or marvel at the crumbling beauty of colonial buildings on a stroll through town; the laid-back little town of Vinales, surrounded by tropical landscapes studded with bulbous limestone karsts; the terracotta buildings of historical Trinidad; and picture-perfect beaches at Varadero, and on the islets of Cayo Guillermo and Cayo Largo del Sur.

Currency

The CUP (also locally known as “moneda nacional” or MN) is the primary Cuban currency. It is used by both residents and visitors alike.  

The CUP is available in bills of 1, 3, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, and 1000. 

Cuba used two official currencies until December 31st, 2020: the CUP (Cuban Peso) and the CUC (Cuban Convertible Peso). However, it all changed in January 2021, when Cuba eliminated the CUC and left the CUP as the only official Cuban currency. Therefore, as a traveler, you will use the CUP. As of January 1st, 2021 and the Cuban Peso (CUP) became the only official currency in Cuba. If you travel to Cuba before mid 2021, you may still see some CUCs in circulation because Cuban residents have until July 2021 to exchange their remaining CUCs into CUPs. 

All resorts, hotels, airports, restaurants, and tourist attractions will accept CUP. Officially, you can use US dollars, Canadian dollars, and Euros ONLY at airports in Cuba.

Banking

Banking hours: Mon-Fri 08h30-12h00 and 13h30-16h00, Sat 08h30-12h00. Hours may vary and banks may be open all day in larger cities.

MasterCard and Visa credit cards are increasingly accepted, provided they are not issued by a US bank, or a bank with links to the USA, but hefty fees are often added. ATMs are fairly common but not ubiquitous. However, cash can be obtained in banks and Cadecas with non-US Visa credit and Visa debit cards.

Travellers cheques in US Dollar, Pounds Sterling and other major currencies are accepted; US Dollar cheques issued by US banks are not accepted but American Express travellers cheques issued by non-US banks can be exchanged, though not everywhere. It is recommended to take cheques in a currency other than US Dollars.

Perhaps one of the most important parts of planning a trip to Cuba involves figuring out exactly how you'll get around once you're there.

Cubana (tel: (07) 834 4446; www.cubana.cu) and AeroCaribbean (www.fly-aerocaribbean.com) are the principal carriers, operating flights between Havana and Santiago de Cuba, Holguín and Cayo Coco.

Renting a vehicle in Cuba is relatively easy and common among tourists. If you choose to go this route, however, there are plenty of things to keep in mind first if you want to remain in one piece on the road.

All car hire companies are state-owned. Prices are negotiable up to a point, but expect to be delayed when picking up the vehicle. It may be easier and has proven to be cheaper to book car hire through a specialist tour operator in your own country.When picking up the car, be sure there is a spare tire and jack, and consider snapping a date-stamped picture of any existing damage to avoid disputes upon drop-off. A valid national driving licence will be required.

By most accounts, driving in Cuba can be rough. This is due in part to the poor conditions on many secondary roads, which can be narrow, winding and riddled with potholes. Add to this the lack of adequate street signage and you've got a confusing and potentially dangerous situation.

Driving at night can be particularly risky since many roads are poorly lit (or not lit at all). Additionally, it's not uncommon to come around a bend and find pedestrians, cyclists or even livestock in the road, so drivers should exercise caution.

Another thing to look out for is traffic lights, which are often placed to the far corner of intersections. This can be hazardous because if you're not expecting to come upon one, you may find yourself stopped dangerously in the middle of the crossing.

Knowing the dangers of actually getting behind the wheel in Cuba, it's not surprising that many tourists choose to use taxis to get around instead. There are certainly plenty available for hire, but should you choose this particular mode of transportation, take into account the following so that you do so safely. First and foremost, avoid taking rides with unlicensed taxis. They are often driven by thieves who are out to pick up and rob passengers. Be particularly careful of fare amount when hiring a taxi, especially in Havana.

If possible, ask someone who is native or at least familiar with the system how much the fare should be prior to heading to your destination. This way you will know beforehand how much the driver should be charging you and can avoid be scammed out of an exorbitant fee by a dishonest driver.

If you can't confer with a local, insist that the meter be used to remove any doubt.

One of the more unique types of transportation in Cuba is the "Co-Co" taxi, a three-wheeled vehicle that is generally yellow in color and contains a flimsy hood. These are basically just glorified motorcycles that have been modified to carry passengers.

Because they can reach speeds of up to 40 mph and lack any sort of safety features, including seatbelts, "Co-Co" taxis can be pretty dangerous.

They are, nevertheless quite popular with tourists so if you choose to ride on one, be aware of the risk.

The lack of traffic makes Cuba a popular choice for cycling tours. Bicycles can be rented in Havana from a number of bike hire companies.

There are a number of options when it comes to bus travel within Cuba. Many are specifically designated for tourists and travel conveniently within and between cities.

This mode of transportation is pretty reliable and clean, although some of the more heavily used buses are beginning to show their wear.

One thing to keep in mind when selecting bus as a mode of transportation is that they can be quite crowded and therefore can be haven for pickpockets. Keep your valuables well concealed and bags zipped and stored in front of you, just in case.

Travel by train is not the most reliable form of transportation in Cuba, mainly due to the lack of quality equipment. Still, there are a few dependable train lines that run between Havana and Santiago de Cuba.

There are also additional lines throughout the country with stops at Camagüey, Santa Clara, and the cities of Manzanillo, Cienfuegos, Sancti Spiritus, Pinar del Rio and Morón. Keep in mind that while a few trains offer first class options, none of them provide sleeper cars.

Additionally, food and drink are not typically served so plan accordingly. With the poor equipment quality of many of the trains, you may find yourself stuck for hours awaiting the car's repair. And while aboard, be sure to keep a close eye your belongings. Luggage is frequently stolen from train cars in Cuba.

The only destinations in Cuba serviced by water routes are Isla de la Juventud on a daily ferry from Batabanó south of Havana, and Cayo Levisa, as part of accommodation packages to that key off the northern coast. Additionally, there is a commuter ferry crossing Havana harbour several times daily between Havana and Casablanca.

The tap water is not safe to drink. Bottled water is ubiquitous, but boiling water is recommended to limit plastic waste. Milk is pasteurised and dairy products (with the exception of some cheap ice creams) are safe for consumption. Local meat, poultry, seafoods and fruit are generally considered safe to eat.

Surprisingly for an island so rich in marine life, fish and seafood rarely top the menu - most seafood is exported. Cuisine is a mix of Spanish and Afro-Caribbean, heavily reliant on rice, beans, chicken and pork. Depending on the season, fresh vegetables may be hard to come by - as a rule, the hotter the month, the more limited the selection. Furthermore, flavours are limited by the lack of available herbs and spices and many visitors are surprised that Cubans shun spicy food of all kinds. Food preparation relies heavily on the frying pan and deep fat fryer. Some of the best cooking, and often an illegal lobster or two, is found in paladares (small, private restaurants). In state-run establishments, service can be painfully slow and sometimes even surly.

A 10% tip on restaurant bills is common.

Cuba has a fantastic climate for adventurers, travellers and tourists alike. Cuba can be described as moderately subtropical with 2 seasons. The dry season, which runs from November to April is less humid and cooler, with average highs of 26-29C and lows of 18-20C. Summer temperatures average 32C with high humidity. The average water temperature is a very comfortable 25C along the coast.

Hurricane season in Cuba is between June and November, with most storms occurring in September and October.

If you are planning to travel to Cuba during Hurricane Season, Locally Sourced Cuba Tours still operates, however itineraries are subject to change during these months.

Cuba is a sub-tropical country so pack for summer. Bikinis, shorts, sandals, short-sleeved cotton dresses and shirts are the order of the day. A night out at Tropicana or La Guarida restaurant needs something smart if not overly formal.

Bring some warm clothing (long sleeves, a sweater or fleece), since there is nothing more frustrating then being frozen to death in a tropical country! Lightweight rain gear is suggested if you are coming in the summer.

Only small minority of Cubans enjoy internet access, and to do this they must go online via dial-up networks on their phone lines, relying on a technology that has been obsolete elsewhere for more than a decade. There are however hotels and a few government workplaces that have Wi-Fi or DSL hookups, but everyone else is stuck with transmission rates that hover around 5 kilobytes per second. The largest telecommunication company in Cuba is called ETECSA and they have locations throughout the country. Tourists are often allowed to use these facilities but must present their passport to do so (ask your guide for the location of these offices at each location). Prices hover between 5CUC and 15CUC per hour. At a hotel you can expect to pay more than this.

Sharing the island of Hispaniola with Haiti, the Dominican Republic is not your typical Caribbean destination. Endowed with the idyllic beaches and aquamarine waters that the archipelago is famous for, its unique geographical and cultural features are what set it apart. From its vibrant, rhythmic merengue music and warm, hospitable people to its lonely desert lowlands and ancient Taino rock art, it certainly keeps travellers on its toes with its diverse offerings. There's so much to do, see and explore here: sunbathing on exquisite beaches, snorkelling, scuba diving and whale-watching along the coast. Experience the island's fauna and flora on ecotourism tours, dance the night away at clubs in the many cosmopolitan cities, enjoy fabulous local cuisine, and play golf on world-class courses.

Currency

Dominican Peso (DOP; symbol RD$). Notes are in denominations of RD$2,000, 1,000, 500, 100 and 50. Coins are in denominations of RD$25, 10, 5 and 1.

The import and export of local currency is limited to RD$20,000 in notes and RD$100 in coins; the import of foreign banknotes is allowed provided they are declared on arrival and if they are over US$10,000 and re-export is intended.

The peso is not available outside the Dominican Republic. Currencies of Canada, France, Germany, The Netherlands, Spain, Switzerland, UK and USA may be converted into local currency. On departure, up to 30% of the exchanged currency can be reconverted into US Dollars at any bank, provided original receipts are shown. All exchange must be done through official dealers such as banks and hotels approved by the Central Bank. Most resorts quote prices in (and are happy to accept) US Dollars. Some street vendors in touristic areas also accept US Dollars although these are not legal tender in the country.

Banking

Banking hours:  Mon-Fri 08h00-15h00, Sat 09h00-13h00. In shopping centres: Mon-Fri 09h00-19h00, Sat 09h00-13h00.

American Express, Diners Club, MasterCard and Visa credit cards are all accepted.Most ATMs in the Dominican Republic accept international bank cards.Traveller's cheques are accepted by some banks. To avoid additional exchange rate charges, travellers are advised to take traveller's cheques in US Dollars.

Servicios Aéreos Profesionales (www.sapair.com) runs regular flights between Santo Domingo, Santiago, Samaná, Punta Cana and Puerto Plata. Planes may also be chartered.

There are several car hire companies in Santo Domingo. The minimum age for car hire is 25. A credit card is required for car hire transactions. Insurance is compulsory. The speed limit is up to 60kph (38mph) in cities and 80-100kph (50-63mph) on motorways. Seat belts are legally required to be worn.A national or International Driving Permit is accepted, but is only valid for 90 days. Vehicles are driven on the right side of the road.

There is a reasonable network of roads, including the Sanchez Highway running westwards from Santo Domingo to Elias Pina on the Haitian frontier; the Mella Highway extending eastwards from Santo Domingo to Higuey in the southeast and the Duarte Highway running north and west from Santo Domingo to Santiago and to Monte Cristi on the northwest coast.

The new Autopista del Coral motorway links Santo Domingo with Punta Cana and La Romana. Driving from Santo Domingo to Punta Cana now takes around 2 hours, whilst from Santo Domingo to La Romana is 30 minutes.

Not all roads in the Dominican Republic are all-weather and 4-wheel drive vehicles are recommended for wet weather. Checkpoints near military installations are ubiquitous, though no serious difficulties have been reported (those near the Haitian border are most likely to be sensitive). Keep doors and windows locked at all times. Driving at night is not recommended because of poor lighting and and signage.

Travellers are advised to hire tourist taxis or radio taxis that can be arranged in advance. Avoid unmarked taxis.

Santo Domingo has flat-fare bus and minibus services, and an estimated 7,000 share-taxis called Carro de Conchos. These operate a 24-hour service in Santo Domingo, Santiago and Puerto Plata. Hotel taxis are also available. In old Santo Domingo, the streets are narrow with blind corners, so care should be taken, particularly as Dominican drivers have a tendency to use their horns rather than their brakes. Horse-drawn carriages are available for hire in tourist areas for tours around parks and plazas.

All water should be regarded as being potentially contaminated and sterilisation should be considered essential. Water used for drinking, brushing teeth or making ice should have first been boiled or otherwise sterilised. Milk is pasteurised. Only eat well-cooked meat and fish. Vegetables should be cooked and fruit peeled.

Native Dominican cooking combines Spanish influences with local produce. There is plenty of fresh fish and seafood; island-grown tomatoes, lettuce, papaya, mangoes, passion fruit and citrus fruits are delicious.

Hotel and restaurant bills automatically include a 10% service charge (on top of a 12% charge for tax purposes) but an additional tip may be given as an appreciation of good service.

The Dominican Republic is hot and tropical, with little seasonal variation in temperatures, which average about 77°F (25°C). Seasons can, however, be determined by rainfall, with October to April being the rainy season on the north coast, while May to November is the wettest month in the south of the country. The driest area is the west. Cooler temperatures and less humidity are generally experienced between November and April, while the mountainous interior is always cooler than the rest of the country.

Hurricanes occur on average once every two years on the island, most striking the south of the country and most happening in August and September. The busiest time of year to visit the Dominican Republic is between December and April when North Americans take a tropical break from their winters, and from June to September, which coincides with European summer holidays.

Electrical sockets (outlets) in the Dominican Republic are very similar to the electrical outlets found in the United States and Canada, and if your appliance has a North American plug, it's possible that you won't need any adapter at all in order to plug in there. However, there are two potentially very important physical differences that may need to be addressed with an adapter: grounding and/or polarization. If your plug has one or both, and the socket doesn't, then the plug may not physically be able to fit into the socket without an adapter.

In the case of a North American appliance plug, grounding is accomplished by the third, round pin beneath and below the two vertical blades on the plug. Polarization is accomplished by the left vertical blade being taller than the right, so that the plug can't be inserted upside down. U.S. and Canadian sockets are required to be both grounded and polarized. But in Central and South America, the Caribbean, Japan and other areas which use U.S. style sockets, grounding and polarization often are not required, and in fact, the majority of sockets in many of these areas do not accept the taller blade and/or the third grounding pin. This will prevent a North American appliance plug from being able to plug into these sockets, if the plug is either grounded or polarized.

Electrical sockets (outlets) in the Dominican Republic usually supply electricity at between 110 and 120 volts AC. If you're plugging in a U.S. or Canadian 120 volt appliance, or an appliance that is compatible with multiple voltages, then an adapter is all you need.

But travel plug adapters do not change the voltage, so the electricity coming through the adapter will still be the same 110-120 volts the socket is supplying. If your appliance is from another part of the world, and it is built only for 220-240 volt electricity, or a Japanese appliance built for 100 volts, then a travel plug adapter by itself won't be sufficient. The voltage will have to be changed from 110-120 volts at the socket, to whatever voltage your appliance requires. This is accomplished with a voltage transformer.

Puerto Rico is a US territory in the Caribbean, composed of one main island (Puerto Rico) and a spattering of smaller satellite islands. It has been dubbed the ‘Island of Enchantment’ for good reason: its long stretches of white sand beach, lush rainforest scenery, eclectic culture and exotic ambience make it an irresistible travel destination. The island is relatively small, so it’s easy to travel around and see most of the outstanding attractions. These include the misty tropical jungles of El Yunque National Park, the pristine beaches and bioluminescent mangrove bays of Vieques, and the capital, San Juan, known for its sizzling nightlife - especially around the Isla Verde area, where seductive salsa beats continue into the early hours of the morning.

Currency:
Local currency: United States Dollar (USD)
Symbol: $
ISO code: USD
Subunit: Cent (1 USD = 100 cents)
Banknotes: $1, $5, $10, $20, $50, $100
Coins: 1, 5, 10, 25, 50 cents, $1

Banking:
Card Transactions: Widely accepted
ATMs: Yes (available throughout the island)
Mastercard: Yes
Visa: Yes
American Express: Yes
Diner’s club: Limited acceptance

Banking Hours:
Weekdays: 8:30 am - 4:30 pm
Weekends: Limited (some banks open on Saturdays)
Public Holidays: Closed
Foreign exchange services: Yes

Air
Main airlines: American Airlines, JetBlue, Southwest Airlines
International Airports: Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport (SJU)
Domestic Airports: Rafael Hernández Airport (BQN), Mercedita Airport (PSE)

Road
Driving on the: Right
Tar roads: Yes
Gravel roads: Yes (in rural areas)
Valid International Driver's License needed: Yes (if staying longer than 90 days)
Car hire available: Yes
Taxis: Yes
E-hailing services: Yes (Uber operates in major cities)

Bus
Inter-city bus services: Limited
Local city bus networks: Yes (primarily in San Juan)

Rail
Railway system: No
Subway System: Yes (limited, Tren Urbano in San Juan)

Water
Ferries: Yes (connects mainland Puerto Rico to Vieques and Culebra)
Water taxis: Limited
Leisure cruises: Yes (departures from San Juan port)

Food and water safety: Generally safe for consumption
Can you drink the tap water: Yes, generally safe for consumption (in most areas, but bottled water is recommended in rural areas)
Fresh fruit and veg: Yes
Ice: Yes
Meat: Yes
Street food: Yes

Local cuisine: Puerto Rican cuisine, known as "cocina criolla," blends Taino, Spanish, and African influences. Popular dishes include "mofongo" (fried plantains mashed with garlic and filled with meat or seafood), "lechón asado" (roast pork), and "arroz con gandules" (rice with pigeon peas). Street food such as "alcapurrias" (fried stuffed fritters) and "pinchos" (meat skewers) is widely enjoyed.

Drinks: Notable local drinks include "piña colada," "coquito" (a coconut-based drink similar to eggnog), rum, and local coffee.

Tipping: 15-20% (standard for good service)

Annual rainfall: Approximately 1500 mm
Average temperature: 25-30 °C

Summer:
Average in highs: 32 °C
Average in lows: 25 °C

Winter:
Average in highs: 29 °C
Average in lows: 23 °C

Best time to visit: The best time to visit Puerto Rico is from mid-April to June, just after the busy winter season and before the rainy summer. During this time, the weather is pleasant, and crowds are smaller. The hurricane season runs from June to November, with increased rainfall and potential storm activity.

Spring and Summer
Cool, light, breathable, and comfortable: Yes
Lightweight warm clothes: No

Winter and Autumn
Jerseys, cardigans, sweaters, jackets: Yes (for cooler evenings, especially in mountainous areas)
Heavyweight clothing and boots: No

General
Umbrella and raincoat: Yes (frequent tropical showers)
Warm gloves, hat, and scarf: No
Swimming costume (bathing suit): Yes
Hat, sunglasses, and sunblock: Yes
Walking shoes: Yes
Casual: Yes
Smart-casual attire: Yes (for upscale restaurants and events)

Internet cafes: Yes (limited availability)
Accommodation options: Yes (most hotels provide Wi-Fi)
Restaurants: Yes (many offer free Wi-Fi)
Cafes: Yes
Shopping malls: Yes
Public parks: Limited
Libraries: Yes

Nicknamed ‘Land of the Hummingbird’, the republic of Trinidad and Tobago is made up of two main islands and a host of satellite islands in the far south of the Caribbean Sea, just off the coast of Venezuela. Trinidad has been dubbed the ‘Rainbow Island’ for its melting pot of cultural influences. It has been particularly shaped by its proximity to Venezuela, reflected in the island’s cuisine, traditions and lively parang music. It’s a vibrant destination with a sparkling social scene that includes regular nightlife, the riotous Carnival festival and an array of smaller annual events. Tobago, to the northeast, has four very different coasts, each with their own charms, including a plethora of idyllic palm-fringed beaches. It also has a beautiful natural environment - visitors can look forward to secluded beaches, scenic hiking trails, and brilliant birdwatching.

Currency

The local currency is the Trinidad and Tobago dollar. US dollars are widely accepted at an approximate rate of TT $6 to US $1 and you can find rate information at local banks, or the daily newspapers. Euro's and the Pound Sterling (GBP) are not as widely accepted as US dollars.

The import of local currency is unlimited, provided it is declared upon arrival. The export of local currency is limited to TT$200. There is free import of foreign currency, subject to declaration. The export of foreign currency is limited to the amount declared upon arrival.

Banking

Banks are open on Monday to Thursday, 8am-2pm and Friday, 8am to 1pm;3pm-5pm. Banks located in shopping plazas and malls are the exception to this rule with business hours from 11am to 6pm.

The principal banks are Citibank, First Citizens Bank, Intercommercial Bank, Republic Bank, RBC and Scotiabank.

American Express, Diners Club, MasterCard and Visa credit cards are accepted by most banks, shops and tourist facilities. A number of ATMs take debit and credit cards in both Trinidad and Tobago (Scarborough only).

A number of ATMs take debit and credit cards in both Trinidad and Tobago (Scarborough only).

Travellers cheques are very widely accepted and will often prove the most convenient means of transaction. Banks charge a fee for exchanging traveller's cheques. Check for the best rates. To avoid additional exchange rate charges, travellers are advised to take traveller's cheques, ideally in US Dollars or otherwise in Pounds Sterling.

Trinidad and Tobago has an extensive network of highways and roads connecting most points of the islands, which makes it relatively easy to get around. Cars, taxis and privately owned minibuses, called maxi taxis, are the most popular form of transport on the islands. If you prefer to do your own exploring and discover the islands at your own pace, moving between Trinidad and Tobago is "no problem" with a daily ferry service between Port of Spain and Scarborough or via a 20 minute flight on the air bridge.

To drive you will need a valid international driver's permit or one issued in the Bahamas, Canada, England, France, Germany or the United States of America. This permit is valid for 90 days after arrival. Trinidad and Tobago is home to many car rental companies that can provide you with a variety of vehicles. A complete listing of car rental companies can be found in the yellow pages of the telephone directory and companies have desks at the Piarco International and ANR Robinson International (formerly known as Crown Point) airports.

Trinidad and Tobago has a wide-ranging system of public transport, including a state owned bus service, taxis and maxi-taxis (mini buses and vans).State owned buses are run by the Public Transport Service Corporation (PTSC) and are clearly marked with the company's name and logo. Painted blue and white, yellow (rural transport) or white with red, and black, many of the newer buses, except the transit and rural service, are fully air-conditioned.

Maxi taxis or mini buses and vans are privately owned and are an easy and affordable way to explore the islands. There are two sizes of Maxi taxis seating 12 or 24 persons. The coloured bands on the sides identify maxi taxis' fixed route.

From rural villages to cruise ports, you can find a taxi almost anywhere in Trinidad and Tobago. Recognisable from private cars by the "H" on their licence plates, there are taxi stands at the airport, cruise ship ports, hotels and in towns and cities. Private taxi companies are listed in the telephone directory. There are also taxis run by individuals, but with fixed fares and routes, at marked stands in cities and towns. Fares are regulated by the various taxi associations, but are usually inexpensive, but you should confirm the fare with the driver before starting for your destination. Requests for transport to areas off the taxi's designated route will incur an additional charge on the set fare. Further information is available from the Tourism Development Company’s Airport Information Office at the Piarco International Airport at (868) 669-5196 or (868) 669-6044. Or the Tobago House of Assembly Department of Tourism Office at the ANR Robinson International Airport at (868 (639-0509).   

There is a regular air service, or air bridge, between Trinidad and Tobago, with the first of roughly 20 daily flights leaving Piarco International Airport at 6am. This service is run by Caribbean Airlines, Trinidad and Tobago's national air service provider.The Port Authority of Trinidad and Tobago (PATT) manage a daily ferry service providing transport for passengers, vehicles and cargo between Port of Spain and Scarborough. Services on board the vessels include dining and bars.         

Drinking water outside main cities and towns may be contaminated and sterilisation is advisable. Bottled water is available. Milk is pasteurised and dairy products are safe for consumption. Local meat, poultry, seafood, fruit and vegetables throughout both islands are generally safe to eat.

The Cuisine of Trinidad and Tobago is a mixture of Indian, European, African, Chinese, Creole and Lebanese gastronomic influences. It is an interesting fusion, with considerable use of local produce, herbs and spices. The strongest influence, apart from Africa, is India, as there is a huge Indian population in Trinidad. The most common dishes of Trinidad and Tobago are: curry chicken and roti, callaloo (a creamy and spicy side dish made of dasheen leaves, ochro or okra, crab, pigtails, thyme, coconut milk and shado beni or bhandhanya, or cilantro), and Pelau (a rice-based dish). Other popular dishes include: stewed chicken, macaroni pie, breadfruit oil down, pepperpot, ox-tails, and many others. 

Trinidad and Tobago has a warm, sunny climate year round. The average daytime temperature is about 28 degrees Celsius. The islands have two main seasons, the Dry Season, from January to May and the Rainy Season, from June to December. In the Rainy Season, mornings are usually sunny, followed by rainy afternoons and fair nights. During this time, the general rainfall pattern is interrupted by days of brilliant sunshine.

Lightweight cotton or linen clothes, a hat and sunglasses are recommended when traveling to Trinidad and Tobago. Sun-block lotion should be used at all times. Comfortable walking shoes are required when visiting the mountainous areas, and a waterproof jacket is advised during the wet season.

Even if you decide to leave your laptop at home, sending and receiving e-mail, chatting online or surfing the World Wide Web is simple and cheap. Internet cafes are very popular in Trinidad and Tobago and rates start at US .80 cents per hour (there may be an extra charge for the use of webcams, printers and other accessories). Internet access is free at all public libraries with a library membership card.

Electrical sockets in the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago are very similar to the electrical outlets found in the United States and Canada, and if your appliance has a North American plug, it's possible that you won't need any adapter at all in order to plug in there. If not, an adapter will be necessary. Many hotels will provide guests with an adapter or will direct guests to a hardware store where they can purchase one. 

Electrical sockets in the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago usually supply electricity at between 110 and 120 volts AC. If you're plugging in a U.S. or Canadian 120 volt appliance, or an appliance that is compatible with multiple voltages, then an adapter is all you need, if not, a voltage converter will be necessary. 

Brazil is a vast, vibrant and magnetic country situated in the central-eastern part of South America, and lapped by the Atlantic Ocean. This melting pot of cultures, ethnicities, and religions is a product of its patchwork past of local traditions, colonial rule, and the influx of immigrants. It is South America’s largest country, with a landmass comparable to that of the United States, and a mosaic of ecosystems that supports the largest array of flora and fauna on the planet. The Brazilian people are typically warm and friendly, while the country’s natural diversity lends itself to myriad travel experiences, from idyllic coastal holidays and riotous Carnaval celebrations to stopovers in the dynamic cities of Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. Adventures await outdoor enthusiasts in the enthralling Amazon jungle.

Currency 

Local currency: Brazilian Real 
Symbol: R$ 
ISO code: BRL 
Subunit: Centavo 
Banknotes: R$2, R$5, R$10, R$20, R$50, R$100 
Coins: 5, 10, 25, 50 centavos, R$1 

Banking 

Card Transactions: Yes 
ATMs: Yes 
Mastercard: Yes 
Visa: Yes 
American Express: Yes 
Diner’s club: Yes 

Banking Hours: 
Weekdays: 9:00 AM - 4:00 PM 
Weekends: Closed 
Public Holidays: Yes 
Foreign exchange services: Yes 

 Air: 

Main airlines: LATAM Airlines, Gol Linhas Aéreas 
International Airports: São Paulo-Guarulhos International Airport, Rio de Janeiro-Galeão International Airport 
Domestic Airports: Brasília International Airport, Congonhas-São Paulo Airport 

Road: 

Driving on the: Right 
Tar roads: Yes 
Gravel roads: Yes 
Valid International Driver's License needed: Yes 
Car hire available: Yes 
Taxis: Yes 
E-hailing services: Yes 

Bus: 

Inter-city bus services: Yes 
Local city bus networks: Yes 

Rail: 

Railway system: Yes 
Subway System: Yes 

Water: 

Ferries: Yes 
Water taxis: Yes 
Leisure cruises: Yes 

Food and water safety: 

Can you drink the tap water: No 
Fresh fruit and veg: Yes 
Ice: Yes 
Meat: Yes 
Street food: Yes 

Local cuisine: 

Brazilian cuisine is diverse and influenced by its multicultural heritage. Feijoada, a hearty bean stew with pork, is a staple. Churrasco, or Brazilian barbecue, is famous for its grilled meats. Other highlights include coxinha (chicken croquette) and acarajé (black-eyed pea fritters). Notable local drinks include caipirinha (cocktail with cachaca), guaraná (soft drink), and mate (tea). 

Tipping: 10-15% 

Annual rainfall: Varies by region 
Average temperature: 25°C 

Summer: 

Average highs: 30°C 
Average lows: 22°C 

Winter: 

Average highs: 25°C 
Average lows: 18°C 

Best time to visit: 

The best time to visit Brazil depends on the region. Coastal areas are best from December to March, while the Amazon is ideal from June to November. 

Spring and Summer 

Cool, light, breathable and comfortable: Yes 
Lightweight warm clothes: No 

Winter and Autumn 

Jerseys, cardigans, sweaters, jackets: Recommended 
Heavyweight clothing and boots: No 

General 

Umbrella and raincoat: Yes 
Warm gloves, hat and scarf: No 
Swimming costume (bathing suit): Yes 
Hat, sunglasses and sunblock: Yes 
Walking shoes: Yes 
Casual: Yes 
Smart-casual attire: Yes 

Plug Type: Type N 
Voltage (V): 127V, 220V 
Frequency Hertz (Hz): 60Hz 

*Travel plug adapter and voltage converter might be necessary depending on your appliances. 

Ranging from balmy subtropical reaches in the north to the frosty Antarctic shores of the Patagonian south, Argentina is one of the world’s most geographically diverse countries. Its kaleidoscope of landscapes offers endless adventure and leisure opportunities, and this natural variety – coupled with its warm, animated locals, delectable carnivorous cuisine, and fascinating history – makes it a captivating and unforgettable travel destination. Allow yourself to be spellbound by the spectacular torrents of Iguazu Falls, the sprawling ski slopes of Bariloche, the vibrant capital of Buenos Aires, or the age-old Inca city of Humahuaca. Argentina has gifts to delight and mesmerize even the most seasoned explorer.

Currency 

Local currency: Argentine Peso 
Symbol: $ 
ISO code: ARS 
Subunit: Centavo 
Banknotes: $5, $10, $20, $50, $100, $200, $500, $1000 
Coins: 1¢, 5¢, 10¢, 25¢, 50¢, $1, $2, $5, $10 

Banking 

Card Transactions: Yes 
ATMs: Yes 
Mastercard: Yes 
Visa: Yes 
American Express: Yes 
Diner’s club: Yes 

Banking Hours: 
Weekdays: 10:00 AM - 3:00 PM 
Weekends: Closed 
Public Holidays: Yes 
Foreign exchange services: Yes 

Air: 

Main airlines: Aerolíneas Argentinas, LATAM Argentina 
International Airports: Ministro Pistarini International Airport (Ezeiza), Jorge Newbery Airfield (Aeroparque) 
Domestic Airports: Ingeniero Ambrosio Taravella International Airport (Cordoba), Governor Francisco Gabrielli International Airport (Mendoza) 

Road: 

Driving on the: Right 
Tar roads: Yes 
Gravel roads: Yes 
Valid International Driver's License needed: Yes 
Car hire available: Yes 
Taxis: Yes 
E-hailing services: Yes 

Bus: 

Inter-city bus services: Yes 
Local city bus networks: Yes 

Rail: 

Railway system: Yes 
Subway System: Yes 

Water: 

Ferries: Yes 
Water taxis: Yes 
Leisure cruises: Yes 

Food and water safety: 

Can you drink the tap water: No 
Fresh fruit and veg: Yes, if washed well or peeled
Ice: Yes, bt check if it is tap water
Meat: Yes 
Street food: Yes 

Local cuisine: 

Argentine cuisine is known for its beef, especially the famous Argentine steak. Other traditional dishes include empanadas, choripán (sausage sandwich), and locro (a hearty stew). The country is also renowned for its wines, particularly Malbec, and yerba mate, a traditional South American infused drink. 

Tipping: 10-15% 

Annual rainfall: Varies by region 
Average temperature: 18°C 

Summer: 

Average highs: 30°C 
Average lows: 20°C 

Winter: 

Average highs: 15°C 
Average lows: 5°C 

Best time to visit: 

The best time to visit Argentina is during the spring (September to November) and fall (March to May) when the weather is mild and pleasant. 

Spring and Summer 

Cool, light, breathable and comfortable: Yes 
Lightweight warm clothes: No 

Winter and Autumn 

Jerseys, cardigans, sweaters, jackets: Recommended 
Heavyweight clothing and boots: Yes 

General 

Umbrella and raincoat: Yes 
Warm gloves, hat and scarf: Yes 
Swimming costume (bathing suit): Yes 
Hat, sunglasses and sunblock: Yes 
Walking shoes: Yes 
Casual: Yes 
Smart-casual attire: Yes 

Plug Type: Type C, Type I 
Voltage (V): 220V 
Frequency Hertz (Hz): 50Hz 

* A travel plug adapter and voltage converter might be necessary depending on your appliances.